Video Autoplay Not Working In Iphone

While autoplaying muted movies work on many cellular devices, if that system is in low energy mode they will not autoplay at all. This is most frequently brought on by the iOS battery saver mode or founded on a sluggish connection. Sometimes the trigger is not recognised however the cellphone decides it cannot autoplay movies anyway. Before that, your video wouldn't auto play inline, and when it will play, it will play full display only. Starting with iOS 10, Safari on cellular began permitting builders to autoplay movies inline offered the video you're attempting to play meets particular conditions. The autoplay of movies in apps could also be annoying for some users.

Whether it's about scrolling countless feeds in social media apps like Facebook and Twitter or whilst employing YouTube and Photos app, they seem intrusive. Besides, additionally they eat up a lot of mobile data, which you may need reserved to observe Netflix or play a online game on the high of the day. So if you're executed with it, right here is how one can flip off autoplay movies on iPhone and iPad.

Auto Play Vido Is Not Working In Iphon Whether you only must put an finish to autoplay movies on social media platforms or are seeking for a extra complete fix, we've received some tips. Keep in thoughts that you'll must regulate these settings for each system that you simply simply use, since your preferences on, say, your cellphone don't mechanically push to your PC. On cellular devices, however, you can't opt for and select which net website you should block from making use of the autoplay feature. But if you're making use of a Mac laptop computer or desktop, you could hinder designated net websites from forcing movies to commence out mechanically playing.

Older cellular instruments and tablets have a limitation, that you just cannot autoplay movies on them, due to usual utilization of cellular internet, and the reminiscence accessible on them. On these instruments solely a user's motion can start off a video, so touching the play button on the video. Instagram doesn't enable for autoplay movies to be turned off, so you'll need to tread rigorously here. Videos won't autoplay with sound for those who employ Instagram in your browser.

Stopping autoplay on cellular gadgets is possible, however just a little roundabout. Firefox blocks all media with sound from enjoying automatically, by default. If you wish an internet website to routinely play media or make different ameliorations to your autoplay settings, you need to use considered one of several strategies below. A new tab for auto-play movies is allowed to manage routinely enjoying movies within the App store.

So whenever you leap into the outline of an application, the video will not commence playing. Because because of that, progressively battery life decreases and makes use of further bandwidth. Okay well, go right down to do away with auto-play movies annoying function control. All browsers have selections to show off video autoplaying, so to not enable any movies to immediately play at any circumstances.

If you do not suppose you must have a browser/device given limitation, then it is going to likely be a setting inside your browser (or inside the device's settings). The subsequent time your Facebook movies are usually not enjoying mechanically and have tried all of the measures, do not neglect to resort to Recoverit. Besides, it is the very most effective program at present doing the rounds for the file restoration course of in its up to date version.

Facebook movies not enjoying on cellular should be attributed to Adobe Flash Player's lack, so the settings must be checked. If the flash content material is disabled, you would possibly must replace the participant on the browser or change privateness settings. For the most effective consumer experience, solely add one autoplaying video to a page. If your web web web page has a number of autoplay videos, they'll all start off enjoying directly when a web web web page masses (unless you are employing Vimeo).

Again, you must know this doesn't disable each autoplay video in your iPhone. It will, however, disable autoplay movies for all Apple apps. Yes, meaning that you simply would be competent to lastly flip off autoplay movies by default when shopping . There's no setting on Squarespace's finish that makes a video play mechanically when a customer opens the page. To autoplay a video, you will have to regulate settings in your video host and use a customized embed code to add the video to a page. The exception is background videos, which play automatically.

While nearly all of browsers assist autoplaying video, since about 2018 most of them have disabled commencing movies if they've sound. Therefore we wouldn't have an choice to incorporate autoplaying movies with sound and don't propose making an try it yourself. Simply pick out the Never Play Videos Automatically choice to disable them entirely. Alternatively, you will prefer to solely autoplay movies when youre on Wi-Fi. Web browsers carry on implementing completely different safety measures to safeguard its customers from on-line threats. One such function carried out by Firefox is obstructing net websites from mechanically enjoying audio.

We will talk about the method to disable the pronounced Firefox feature. You could need to dig deeper to discover if any of the browser's choice is inflicting the AutoPlay issue. For some users, the challenge is that they can't avert movies from enjoying automatically, when some have solely had the challenge with playlists . This conduct is reported to happen on just about all working programs and all net browsers. Furthermore, TV apps are additionally affected by the challenge that autoplay doesn't work.

The consumer has the option, however, of re-enabling the audio by clicking on the unmute button within the controls. Just because it says, this may disable autoplay in iTunes and the App Store. This won't impact autoplay movies elsewhere, so youll nonetheless must comply with the required steps to disable them in different areas. In addition, autoplay movies on cellular expend my facts and may cause draining my smartphone battery quickly.

This is occurring considering the fact that Apple has made some coverage ameliorations relating to the video autoplaying on the iPhone devices. But all browsers on these instruments have choices to disable video autoplaying after which your video will not autoplay, not even muted. I had the identical obstacle - the video not play on iOS. I tried all of the code choices "playsinline autoplay loop muted".

The main issue was the video I acquired was within the incorrect mp4 codec. So what helped us, was to addContent the video to Vimeo and obtain the HD Version again. The video is now enjoying on all cellular devices. Using the proper algorithm, the corrupted video information would be scanned and repaired in far lesser time than some different tool. You have to click on thrice to entry the video file that you just want to repair. Most social media entrepreneurs are nicely conscious of Facebook movies not enjoying on cellular have on people.

If you assess for the trending video viewing conduct amongst the many masses, you'll certainly attribute that to Facebook, much greater than YouTube or associated sides. This is essentially given that what kicked off as a social media platform; began displaying how partaking content material certainly marks the audience, significantly by way of videos. Firefox customers could have seen how the browser prevents any sound medium from enjoying mechanically by default. Firefox defined how this setting works and what you are able to do to vary this default conduct with screenshots. Autoplay could not work on YouTube attributable to corrupted browser cache / facts or corrupted YouTube cellular app.

Also, an outdated browser or a reconfiguration of your browser corresponding to DRM settings etc. can even trigger the noted error. The consumer encounters the issue when attempting to play a video / playlist and YouTube stops after enjoying one or two videos. Current variants of all supported browsers preclude autoplay to a point to guard their users' experience. In most browsers, customers can change their settings to show on autoplay. Automatically commencing the playback of audio right now upon web page load will be an unwelcome shock to users. While autoplay of media serves a helpful purpose, it must be used rigorously and solely when needed.

In order to give customers management over this, browsers routinely give numerous types of autoplay blocking. Do you simply wish to do away with all of them together? Well, you are ready to do soas lengthy as youre making use of an Apple app. Before iOS 13, you simply had the choice to disable auto-playing movies in iTunes and the App Store — this setting does not prolong to Safari or different Apple apps. If your iPhone is operating the newest edition of iOS 13, the setting to disable auto-playing movies is in your Accessibility settings.

You can flip off the auto-play setting to forestall movies from auto-playing in any of the native Apple apps, together with Safari. Yes, although please do not forget that autoplay may be subject matter to exclusive browser settings and won't work on Apple iPhones. Autoplay movies will begin with the sound muted, however with a transparent action-call to unmute. Generally putting in the free version, and turning on all filters, appears to have blocked most movies from autoplaying. However, on sure events movies nonetheless play; I appear to note it most frequently when shopping boards with embedded Youtube videos.

I suppose it'd be linked to when Safari pops up inside an additional app -- like should you click on a hyperlink inside GMail, or Apollo. In the YouTube app, should you find yourself watching a video, the subsequent video begins immediately playing. We know it's irritating when an disagreeable video begins enjoying within the playlist, and even that eats up a lot of mobile data.

Grid index pages do not assist movies inside the thumbnail grid, however you're able to add autoplay movies to gallery pages inside the Index. Some gadgets do not enable movies to play inline and behind different elements. Instead, when you click on to play them, they enter full display mode. This was the case for a lot of older iOS gadgets however they've since moved away from that functionality. If you're nonetheless experiencing this, it isn't a factor our theme can work spherical because it can be performance outlined by the cellphone itself.

HTML 5 video autoplay not working in ios devices. According to the brand new autoplay specifications, autoplaying movies on IOS, Safari, Chrome, and Android have to commence out muted. This coverage is managed by the browser manufacturers, and all video internet hosting companies have to adhere to it. You could have observed that movies autoplay muted within the Chrome and Safari browsers. Google and Apple equally just lately modified how their program handles autoplaying videos.

In addition to the browser-side administration and handle over autoplay performance described above, an internet server may categorical its willingness to permit autoplay to function. The HTTP Feature-Policy header's autoplay directive is used to regulate which domains, if any, could be utilized to autoplay media. By default, the autoplay function coverage is about to 'self' , indicating that autoplay is permitted as they're hosted on the identical area because the document. Here you are able to depart settings off to give up mechanically enjoying movies permanently.

Today I even have downloaded a new-redesigned App Store and Safari on my iPhone thirteen Pro Max operating the newest iOS 15. I suppose the brand's purpose is to Play App Preview Videos immediately within the App Store with mute sound. Its secure to say that there are possibly tens of millions of Instagram customers on the market who need to disable autoplay on Instagram. While it may be useful to have Instagram movies play automatically, there are various extra occasions when such movies can play at unwelcome times. By setting the quantity very low you will truly be certain that no extra autoplay movies blare by your speakers.

Unfortunately, this additionally impacts movies and music you would possibly truly wish to hear. That signifies that its genuinely a last-ditch effort for shutting down the autoplay movies that plague your digital life. Fortunately, there are a number of methods you will change that.

Whether you want to take pleasure in autoplay movies as you browse or regardless of whether you want to close them down till youre ready, listed right here are the methods you'll lastly manipulate the noise. Using Brightcove Player to autoplay a video when a web page masses seriously isn't an easy issue. This stems from browser distributors responding to consumer needs to NOT have movies autoplay. This doc will element the present state of autoplaying movies in varied browsers and Brightcove Player configurations that have an effect on autoplay.

Look for the "Videos" itemizing on the left-hand menu. Inside of that choice is a toggle the place it is easy to flip off autoplaying videos. To share a video with autoplay, purely examine the field marking autoplay on the share settings display as you see under earlier than you choose the share link. Due to the known utilization of cellular web some browsers, in particular on iOS should not load autoplaying movies if their file measurement is large.

Most Android customers have routinely reported that movies do not play once they scroll with the help of the Facebook feed speedily. And this is routinely inspite of reloading the app a number of times. So if that matches yours too, listed right here are some quick-fix options that you'll test when Facebook movies can't be performed on Android devices. Another problem, that many want to get around, is that in contrast to on a desktop with Flash participant you can't auto commence your video on such a device.

You might expertise the error in query if the autoplay setting for the video is not really turned on on the returned of your account, even when you might allow it in your app. Enabling autoplay within the video settings will remedy the concern on this context. The Instagram app on the iPhone doesn't supply an choice to wholly flip off the autoplay of videos. But it has a unique means that won't impact your mobile knowledge usage, and also, movies will take a very very lengthy time to process. The autoplay video function is a considerably divisive concern amongst users.

It has its advantages because it could actually swiftly lead you thru content material and introduce some factor that you simply would possibly have an curiosity in studying extra about. For some users, shopping on Safari is a lot extra easy on an iPad. But these movies that commence enjoying routinely can hassle you, nonetheless. You may prefer to "Stop Media with Sound," which suggests Safari will quit routinely enjoying movies which have sound.

However, movies with no sound will proceed to play. In this article, we'll instruction you thru the method of turning off the autoplay movies function in Safari and reply a number of time-honored questions associated to the action. Media.block-autoplay-until-in-foreground A Boolean choice which signifies regardless of whether or not media playback is blocked when began on a background tab. The default value, true, signifies that even when in any different case available, autoplay will not happen till after a tab is delivered to the foreground. This prevents the distracting state of affairs during which a tab begins enjoying sound and the consumer can not discover the tab amongst all their tabs and windows. The time period autoplay refers to any function that causes audio to commence to play with no the consumer particularly requesting that playback begin.

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This has changed the ways that companies approach to interact with customers, as a substantial percentage of consumer interactions are now being carried out over online platforms with much higher visibility. Customers can now post reviews of products and services, rate customer service, and ask questions or voice concerns directly to companies through social media platforms. According to Measuring Success, over 80% of consumers use the web to research products and services. Thus social media marketing is also used by businesses in order to build relationships of trust with consumers.

To this aim, companies may also hire personnel to specifically handle these social media interactions, who usually report under the title of Online community managers. Handling these interactions in a satisfactory manner can result in an increase of consumer trust. To both this aim and to fix the public's perception of a company, 3 steps are taken in order to address consumer concerns, identifying the extent of the social chatter, engaging the influencers to help, and developing a proportional response. More than three billion people in the world are active on the Internet. Over the years, the Internet has continually gained more and more users, jumping from 738 million in 2000 all the way to 3.2 billion in 2015.

Roughly 81% of the current population in the United States has some type of social media profile that they engage with frequently. Mobile phone usage is beneficial for social media marketing because of their web browsing capabilities which allow individuals immediate access to social networking sites. Mobile phones have altered the path-to-purchase process by allowing consumers to easily obtain pricing and product information in real time. They have also allowed companies to constantly remind and update their followers. Many companies are now putting QR codes along with products for individuals to access the company website or online services with their smart phones.

Do You Know How To Read A Tape Measure Retailers use QR codes to facilitate consumer interaction with brands by linking the code to brand websites, promotions, product information, and any other mobile-enabled content. In addition, Real-time bidding use in the mobile advertising industry is high and rising due to its value for on-the-go web browsing. In 2012, Nexage, a provider of real time bidding in mobile advertising reported a 37% increase in revenue each month.

Adfonic, another mobile advertisement publishing platform, reported an increase of 22 billion ad requests that same year. Social networking websites are based on building virtual communities that allow consumers to express their needs, wants and values, online. Social media marketing then connects these consumers and audiences to businesses that share the same needs, wants, and values. Through social networking sites, companies can keep in touch with individual followers. This personal interaction can instill a feeling of loyalty into followers and potential customers. Also, by choosing whom to follow on these sites, products can reach a very narrow target audience.

Social networking sites also include much information about what products and services prospective clients might be interested in. Through the use of new semantic analysis technologies, marketers can detect buying signals, such as content shared by people and questions posted online. An understanding of buying signals can help sales people target relevant prospects and marketers run micro-targeted campaigns. Social media marketing is the use of social media platforms and websites to promote a product or service.

Although the terms e-marketing and digital marketing are still dominant in academia, social media marketing is becoming more popular for both practitioners and researchers. Most social media platforms have built-in data analytics tools, enabling companies to track the progress, success, and engagement of ad campaigns. Companies address a range of stakeholders through social media marketing, including current and potential customers, current and potential employees, journalists, bloggers, and the general public. On a strategic level, social media marketing includes the management of a marketing campaign, governance, setting the scope (e.g. more active or passive use) and the establishment of a firm's desired social media "culture" and "tone." The report went on to explain a full range of regulatory policy approaches in terms of the degree of control the regulation attempts to impose on markets.

The reporting of information lies at the minimum end, and traditional directive rulemaking at the maximum. Intermediate positions include a variety of mechanisms that affect economic incentives through the price system, such as through pollution taxes or tradable permits. Such market-based forms of regulatory policy are also more in keeping with a principles-based as opposed to a rules-based approach.

Engagement with the social web means that customers and stakeholders are active participants rather than passive viewers. An example of these are consumer advocacy groups and groups that criticize companies (e.g., lobby groups or advocacy organizations). Social media use in a business or political context allows all consumers/citizens to express and share an opinion about a company's products, services, business practices, or a government's actions. Each participating customer, non-customer, or citizen who is participating online via social media becomes a part of the marketing department as other customers read their positive or negative comments or reviews.

Getting consumers, potential consumers or citizens to be engaged online is fundamental to successful social media marketing. With the advent of social media marketing, it has become increasingly important to gain customer interest in products and services. This can eventually be translated into buying behavior, or voting and donating behavior in a political context. New online marketing concepts of engagement and loyalty have emerged which aim to build customer participation and brand reputation.

The goal of science is the construction of theories that can provide explanatory accounts of features of the world. A theory becomes accepted when it has been shown to be superior to other explanations in the breadth of phenomena it accounts for and in its explanatory coherence and parsimony. Scientific explanations are explicit applications of theory to a specific situation or phenomenon, perhaps with the intermediary of a theory-based model for the system under study. The goal for students is to construct logically coherent explanations of phenomena that incorporate their current understanding of science, or a model that represents it, and are consistent with the available evidence.

Engineering design, a systematic process for solving engineering problems, is based on scientific knowledge and models of the material world. Each proposed solution results from a process of balancing competing criteria of desired functions, technological feasibility, cost, safety, esthetics, and compliance with legal requirements. There is usually no single best solution but rather a range of solutions. Which one is the optimal choice depends on the criteria used for making evaluations. These recommendations continue the spirit of our 1998 recommendations.

Unlike our recommendations in 1998, however, we now put less emphasis on Congress doing the heavy lifting. Social media marketing involves the use of social networks, consumer's online brand-related activities and electronic word of mouth to successfully advertise online. Social networks such as Facebook and Twitter provide advertisers with information about the likes and dislikes of their consumers. This technique is crucial, as it provides the businesses with a "target audience". With social networks, information relevant to the user's likes is available to businesses; who then advertise accordingly.

Activities such as uploading a picture of your "new Converse sneakers to Facebook" is an example of a COBRA. It follows that government regulations are more likely to improve rather than impede the performance of the economy when they adhere to broad economic principles rather than impose narrow statutory rules. They can also be specifically designed to favor incumbent businesses as well (supporting "cronyism"), to the detriment of new business formation and the innovation and productivity growth of the overall economy. Social media marketing provides organizations with a way to connect with their customers. However, organizations must protect their information as well as closely watch comments and concerns on the social media they use.

A flash poll done on 1225 IT executives from 33 countries revealed that social media mishaps caused organizations a combined $4.3 million in damages in 2010. The top three social media incidents an organization faced during the previous year included employees sharing too much information in public forums, loss or exposure of confidential information, and increased exposure to litigation. Due to the viral nature of the Internet, a mistake by a single employee has in some cases shown to result in devastating consequences for organizations. An example of a social media mishap includes designer Kenneth Cole's Twitter mishap in 2011. When Kenneth Cole tweeted, "Millions are in uproar in #Cairo. Rumor has they heard our new spring collection is now available online at [Kenneth Cole's website]".

This reference to the 2011 Egyptian revolution drew an objection from the public; it was widely objected to on the Internet. Kenneth Cole realized his mistake shortly after and responded with a statement apologizing for the tweet. Engagement in social media for the purpose of a social media strategy is divided into two parts. The first is proactive, regular posting of new online content.

This can be seen through digital photos, digital videos, text, and conversations. It is also represented through sharing of content and information from others via weblinks. The second part is reactive conversations with social media users responding to those who reach out to your social media profiles through commenting or messaging. Traditional media such as TV news shows are limited to one-way interaction with customers or 'push and tell' where only specific information is given to the customer with few or limited mechanisms to obtain customer feedback. Traditional media such as physical newspapers, do give readers the option of sending a letter to the editor.

Though, this is a relatively slow process, as the editorial board has to review the letter and decide if it is appropriate for publication. On the other hand, social media is participative and open; Participants are able to instantly share their views on brands, products, and services. Traditional media gave control of message to the marketer, whereas social media shifts the balance to the consumer or citizen. Social networking websites allow individuals, businesses and other organizations to interact with one another and build relationships and communities online. When companies join these social channels, consumers can interact with them directly. That interaction can be more personal to users than traditional methods of outbound marketing and advertising.

Social networking sites act as word of mouth or more precisely, e-word of mouth. The Internet's ability to reach billions across the globe has given online word of mouth a powerful voice and far reach. The ability to rapidly change buying patterns and product or service acquisition and activity to a growing number of consumers is defined as an influence network. Social networking sites and blogs allow followers to "retweet" or "repost" comments made by others about a product being promoted, which occurs quite frequently on some social media sites. By repeating the message, the user's connections are able to see the message, therefore reaching more people.

Because the information about the product is being put out there and is getting repeated, more traffic is brought to the product/company. Students should begin learning to critique by asking questions about their own findings and those of others. Later, they should be expected to identify possible weaknesses in either data or an argument and explain why their criticism is justified. As they become more adept at arguing and critiquing, they should be introduced to the language needed to talk about argument, such as claim, reason, data, etc. Exploration of historical episodes in science can provide opportunities for students to identify the ideas, evidence, and arguments of professional scientists.

In so doing, they should be encouraged to recognize the criteria used to judge claims for new knowledge and the formal means by which scientific ideas are evaluated today. In particular, they should see how the practice of peer review and independent verification of claimed experimental results help to maintain objectivity and trust in science. Middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted. Evaluating appeal based on size of audience or whether audience is of a certain social class is another way to define popular music, but this, too, has problems in that social categories of people cannot be applied accurately to musical styles.

Manuel states that one criticism of popular music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public, who merely buy or reject what music is being produced. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, which negates the previous conception of popular music. Moreover, "understandings of popular music have changed with time".

Since social media marketing first came into being, strategists and marketers have been getting smarter and more careful with the way they collect information and distributing advertisements. With the presence of data collecting companies, there is no longer a need to target specific audiences. For many users, this is a breach of privacy, but there are no laws that prevent these companies from using the information provided on their websites. Companies like Equifax, Inc., TransUnion Corp, and LexisNexis Group thrive on collecting and sharing personal information of social media users. In 2012, Facebook purchased information from 70 million households from a third party company called Datalogix.

Facebook later revealed that they purchased the information in order to create a more efficient advertising service. Unplanned content is an 'in the moment' idea, "a spontaneous, tactical reaction." (Cramer, 2014, p. 6). The content could be trending and not have the time to take the planned content route. The unplanned content is posted sporadically and is not calendar/date/time arranged . Issues with unplanned content revolve around legal issues and whether the message being sent out represents the business/brand accordingly.

If a company sends out a Tweet or Facebook message too hurriedly, the company may unintentionally use insensitive language or messaging that could alienate some consumers. For example, celebrity chef Paula Deen was criticized after she made a social media post commenting about HIV-AIDS and South Africa; her message was deemed to be offensive by many observers. The main difference between planned and unplanned is the time to approve the content.

Unplanned content must still be approved by marketing managers, but in a much more rapid manner e.g. 1–2 hours or less. When using unplanned content Brito says, "be prepared to be reactive and respond to issues when they arise." Brito writes about having a, "crisis escalation plan", because, "It will happen". The plan involves breaking down the issue into topics and classifying the issue into groups. Colour coding the potential risk "identify and flag potential risks" also helps to organise an issue. The problem can then be handled by the correct team and dissolved more effectively rather than any person at hand trying to solve the situation. Owned social media channels are an essential extension of business' and brands in today's world.

Brand must seek to create their brand image on each platform, and cater to the type of consumer demographics on each respective platform. In contrast with pre-Internet marketing, such as TV ads and newspaper ads, in which the marketer controlled all aspects of the ad, with social media, users are free to post comments right below an online ad or an online post by a company about its product. Companies are increasing using their social media strategy as part of their traditional marketing effort using magazines, newspapers, radio advertisements, television advertisements. Heath wrote about the extent of attention businesses should give to their social media sites. It is about finding a balance between frequently posting but not over posting. There is a lot more attention to be paid towards social media sites because people need updates to gain brand recognition.

Therefore, a lot more content is need and this can often be unplanned content. Marketers target influential people, referred to as influencers, on social media who are recognized as being opinion leaders and opinion-formers to send messages to their target audiences and amplify the impact of their message. A social media post by an opinion leader can have a much greater impact (via the forwarding of the post or "liking" of the post) than a social media post by a regular user.

Marketers have come to the understanding that "consumers are more prone to believe in other individuals" who they trust (Sepp, Liljander, & Gummerus, 2011). OL's and OF's can also send their own messages about products and services they choose (Fill, Hughes, & De Francesco, 2013, p. 216). The reason the opinion leader or formers have such a strong following base is because their opinion is valued or trusted (Clement, Proppe, & Rott, 2007).

They can review products and services for their followings, which can be positive or negative towards the brand. OL's and OF's are people who have a social status and because of their personality, beliefs, values etc. have the potential to influence other people (Kotler, Burton, Deans, Brown, & Armstrong, 2013, p. 189). They usually have a large number of followers otherwise known as their reference, membership or aspirational group (Kotler, Burton, Deans, Brown, & Armstrong), 2013, p. 189. By having an OL or OF support a brands product by posting a photo, video or written recommendation on a blog, the following may be influenced and because they trust the OL/OF a high chance of the brand selling more products or creating a following base. Having an OL/OF helps spread word of mouth talk amongst reference groups and/or memberships groups e.g. family, friends, work-friends etc. (Kotler, Burton, Deans, Brown, & Armstrong, 2013, p. 189).